INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
Humans
in their daily life will not be separated from culture, because humans are
creators and users of culture itself. Humans live because of culture, while
culture will continue to live and develop when people want to preserve culture
and not destroy it. Thus humans and cultures cannot be separated from each
other, because in their lives it is impossible not to deal with cultural
results, every day people see and use culture.
A sense
of mutual respect and respect will grow if inter-humanity leads to high culture
as a unifying tool of life, a means of communication between people and as a
characteristic of a community group. Culture plays an important role in human
life and becomes a tool for socializing with other human beings and ultimately
becomes a characteristic of a human group. Humans as social beings need tools
as bridges that connect with other human beings, namely culture.
Technology
development is very rapid in the current era of globalization. Technology
becomes something that is needed in facilitating every human job. One of them
is in terms of communication. The ease with which everyone communicates now and
everywhere, has a big impact on life. One of them is the use of social media
which is increasingly mushrooming among the community, especially among those
who are currently going to discuss, namely among adolescents. In addition to
the various positive impacts that we have gained from current technological
advancements, there are also negative impacts that cannot be ignored. One of
the things that is very influential is the change in the nature and character
of a person from the use of modern tools, especially communication media.
1.2 Problem
formulation
1. What is the ethnicity?
2. Mention examples of ethnic
division?
3. What is the social
network?
1.3 Purpose
of the paper
1.Knowing is the ethnicity
and example
2.Knowing is the social
network
DISCUSSION
ETHNICITY
AND SOCIAL NETWORKS
When people belong to the same group, they will
often speak the same language. but there are many groups that are in the
community, so that each individual can share these linguistic features that
reflect people's interactions
A. ETHNICITY
Many ethnic groups use distinctive language related to their identity. where the choice of language is available for communication, it may often be for an individual to bring up their ethnicity with the language they choose to use.
Ethnic groups often respond to this situation by using majority language in a way that raises their ethnic identity. for groups where there is no identification of physical traits distinguishing them from others in society, these distinctive linguistic features may be an important symbol that remains if their ethnicity disappears. food, religion, clothing, distinctive style of speech is the way ethnic minorities can be used to distinguish themselves from the majority group.
CONCEPT OF ETHNICITY
In the book Sociolinguistic
and Language Education (2010), Waters (1990) reveals that in general people
associate ethnicity with differences based on national origin, language,
religion, food and other cultural markers, and race relations for
differentiation based on physical appearance. It can be said that ethnicity is
a group of people who have similar characteristics of culture, language, and
physical appearance but have different identities with other groups of people.
Thomas and Wareing (2007: 136) mentions two concepts that
are widely used in the discussion of ethnic groups namely "majority
ethnicity" and "ethnic minority". Ethnic majority is a cultural
group that plays a dominant role in influencing infrastructure in a country. In
other words, this group is the holder of social and political power. Meanwhile,
ethnic minorities refer to ethnic groups whose social and political power is
small or nonexistent.
Thomas and Wareing (2007: 137) asserted that beliefs formed
by ethnic majority are considered normal. On the other hand, everything that is
different from the majority ethnicity will be considered atypical / unnatural
or strange. It also appears in the use of ethnic and minority ethnic languages.
The majority ethnicity often uses language that emphasizes the
"different" nature of ethnic minorities. However, even ethnic
minorities can distinguish themselves from the majority in terms of language
use (Thomas and Wareing, 2007: 152).
When people belong to the same group, they often speak the
same language. But there are many different groups in a community, so that each
individual can share linguistic features with various other speakers. Some of
these linguistic features indicate a person's social status. There are also
instructions for someone's ethnic markers. Every individual uses all of these
resources when they are building their social identity (Holmes, 2001: 175).
Example 1
When I was in Montreal I found a small restaurant in an old
area of France where the menu served was affordable and attractive. I was
greeted with French by the waiter and I answered it in French too, through an
accent it clearly indicated that I was a native speaker of English. At this
point the servant, a bilingual, has choices. He chose to continue in French and
even though I could not confirm the reason. I interpret this choice as an
expression of his desire to be identified as a French Canadian.
Many ethnic groups use distinctive languages related to
their ethnic identity. When the communication process takes place, it often
allows people to signal their ethnicity through the selection of the language
used. Even when complete conversations in ethnic languages are not possible,
people can use short phrases, oral fillers or linguistic signs.
In New Zealand many Maori routinely use greetings such as
kieora and conversations between two Maori may use express phrases such as e
ki, softening signs like ne, and responses like ae, even when not speaking
Maori fluently. Bargaining with Chinese retailers in shopping centers,
Chinese-Singaporeans alike often mark ethnic backgrounds with linguistic signs,
such as words that are not translated la, and phrases or words from ethnic
languages. Ethnic emphasis in general might mean getting a better offer.
When a group adopts happily or is forced to dominant
language in society - important symbols of ethnic language they often
disappear. Italians in Sydney and New York, Indians and Pakistanis and
Jamaicans in this situation.Ethnic groups often respond to the situation above
by using majority language in a way that signifies their ethnic identity. For
groups where there is no identification of physical traits to distinguish them
and others in society, these distinctive linguistic features are important
symbols that remain after the language disappears. Food, religion, clothing,
and distinctive speech styles are all ways that ethnic minorities can be used
to distinguish themselves from the majority.
USE OF LANGUAGE AS A MARKER OR ETHNIC
IDENTITY
Ethnic minorities in a country always try to distinguish
themselves from ethnic majority. For example, ethnic minorities continue to use
their native language which is different from the official language used by the
majority. Of course, the majority of ethnic groups disagree so there is a
negative label about the use of minority languages. The following will describe
the status of English Vernacular African American or Ebonic languages
(typical black language) in the United States and British Black English in
the United Kingdom.
1.
American African Vernacular English
In the book Language, Society, and Power by Thomas and
Wareing (2007: 152) it is explained that in 1990 there were approximately 30
million Afro-Americans in the US (around 12% of the total population). As many
as 80-90 percent of African-Americans are estimated to use the Ebonics language
type (from the word "ebony" which means "black" and
"phonics" which means sound. In addition, Ebonics is also known as
African American Vernacular English (AAVE, language a day day (vernacular) from
African-Americans).
This AAVE dialect has a number of features that do not occur
in the main standards of British America, and others that occur very much more
frequently in standard variations. This different linguistic action as a symbol
of ethnicity (Holmes, 2001: 177). They express a lot of distinctive African
American culture.
There are many European-American societies and even
African-Americans who think Ebonic is not a normal language. The reason is that
ebonics as a variant of English is different from standard English in America.
In fact, many view the Ebonic / AAVE language as "broken" English or
the speaker is considered "stupid, uneducated."
AAVE is heard mainly in northern cities in the United
States. One of the most distinctive features is the incomplete copulatory verb
in several social and linguistic contexts. In most speech contexts, standard
English speakers use the verb form to be shortened or reduced. In other words,
unusual people say She is very nice but She’s very nice. They reduce or shorten
is to s.
Example 4
a.
African American Vernacular b.
English American Standard English
She
very nice She’s
very nice
He a
teacher He’s
a teacher
That
my book That’s
my book
The
beer warm The
beer’s warm
In the Detroit speech, for example, white Americans never
eliminate the copula of the verb be, whereas African Americans - especially
those from low socio-economic groups - regularly do it.
It can be clearly concluded that AAVE grammar has several
features that do not occur in white American grammar. However, there are many
features of English that are used by low socioeconomic groups in the United
States - which also occur in AAVE. In general, AAVE speakers only use this feature
more often than white Americans (Thomas and Wareing, 2007: 158).
From this we see that using the language commonly used by
the general public will be regarded as a rejection or betrayal of its cultural
or ethnic identity. Just like the Patois language in England, Ebonic in the US
and those who use it remain not officially recognized by the majority ethnic
group in the US. But Ebonik still lives as a language that unites most of the
African-American population in the US. This means that Ebonik speakers get
something from themselves and from each other that they do not get from the
world offered to them as a world that is superior and better by the majority
(Lippi-Green, 1997: 201 through Thomas and Wareing) .
2.
British Black English
In England, the way ethnic minorities differ in speaking
English often has the same characteristics. Ethnic English speaking minority
languages such as Gujarat, Punjabi, and Turkish generally signal their ethnic
background. And Indians or Africans from Carbia use variety restrictions,
depending on where they live in England and how long their families have lived
in England. Those born in the United Kingdom are usually described as members
of British black community groups and most speak Jamaican creole variations as
well as English variations.
The Jamaican Creole variation used by British blacks is
known as Patois. Jamaicans in London, for example, are variations of London
Patois. The variation comes from Jamaican Creole, but has a number of features
that distinguish it from Jamaican variations.
Example 6:
Polly is a British black teenager living in the West
Midlands. His parents came to England from Jamaica in 1963 to find work.
Although Polly had a good education in Jamaica, the only job she could find at
Dudley was cleaning the office at night. Polly's father worked at the factory
but now he was fired and has been unemployed for almost two years. They live in
an environment dominated by black people and almost all of Polly's friends are
young black people. Polly and her parents visited the local Pentecostal church.
His brother also attended, but he had stopped since he left school.
Polly's oral repertoire includes speaking standard English
with a West Midlands accent, an informal English variation with some Patois
features that can be described as British black Midlands, and Patois, Jamaican
creole variations used by blacks in Dudley.
Polly language usage patterns are not simple. Meanwhile, his
brother and parents used Patois to him. He is expected to use English in
response. At home he used to use black Midlands English, but he used more
standard variations to his teacher at school. In most stores he used standard
English with a local accent, unless he knew there was a young black person
behind the desk, so he might use Midlands black English.
Polly ethnicity is characterized by not so much
knowledge of certain variations, but by the way he uses variations in his
linguistic repertoire. Many young British blacks use Patois to speak in groups
as a symbol of their ethnicity, but not all proficient users.
That reflects the fact that they belong together as a
group of British black young people. Someone who uses standard English in this
group when speaking in the canteen between lessons, for example, will be labeled
'nagging' or 'arrogant'.
There are a number of variations of English black English
such as variations of Polly Midlands, London variations, and regional Patois
variations, although many have not been explained. The function of this
variation as an ethnic symbol among British black people. They can even be
considered as examples of 'antibahasa', a term that has been used to reflect
the opposition of their expression functions with the main values of white
British society that exclude blacks and their culture
B.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
A social networks
is a social structure made up of a set of actors (such as individuals or
organizations) and the dyadic ties between these actors.
There are two
technical terms which have proved very useful for descrbing different types of
networks :
1.
Density
refers to whether members of person’s network are in touch with each other.
2.
Plexity
is measure of the range of different types of transaction people are involved
in with different individuals.
Density refers to
whether members of person’s network are in touch with each other
Ø Dense network, if somene and relations
know and interact regulary with each other, as well as with him.
Ø Less dense network, if someone and
relations do not know and interact regularly with each other, as well as with
him.
Plexity is measure
of the range of different types of transaction people are involved in with
different individuals
Ø Uniplex relationship is one where the
link with the other person is in only one area
Ø Multiplex relationship involve interactions
with others along several dimensions
Networks in sociolinguistics refer to the pattern of
informal relationships of people who are regularly involved (Holmes, 2000:
184). There are two terms that have proven very useful for describing various types
of networks - density and complexity. Density refers to whether a member of a
person's network is related to each other. Do your friends know each other
independently? If so your network meets density. Relationships know and
interact regularly with fellow Tom friends, as good as him. It is clear that
Tom belongs to a solid network. The following is an illustration of the social
network owned by Tom.
Example
Tom lives in Ballymacarrett, the eastern Protestant region
of Lagan River in Belfast. He is 18 years old and works as an apprentice at a
shipyard. He got a job through Uncle Bob and he has Mike's cousin who works at
the same place. He and Mike lived on the same road and almost every night they
drank beer together after work. They also run discos with two friends, Jo and
Gerry, and that means that a few nights a week they travel across the city to
perform in different places.
The way Tom and his cousin speak reflects the fact that they
belong to a small working community whose relationship is close. The men who
work with him and mix with work outside of relationships and also neighbors,
they all speak the same. The pattern noted in the previous section shows that
as members of the working class, they will tend to use forms that are more
vernancular than other social groups. Tom and his friend use a large number of
forms of vernankular speech.
They often delete th [] on mother and brother, and say man
with [mo: n], and map with [ma: p]. On the other hand, people in the Tom
community who do not have a deeper share of kinship, neighbors and networks -
which are more marginal - tend to speak less 'broadly'. For example, Sandy, a
man who lives on the edge of Ballymacarret works as a civil servant. He came
from South Ireland and didn't have a family in Belfast. He saw people like Tom
only occasionally in pubs. He was not really a close part of the Ballymacarret
men and his speech revealed this. He uses much less vernankular form than Tom
and Mike.
Plexity is a measure of the different types of people
involved in transactions with different individuals. Uniplex relationship is
one of the links with other people in one field. You can be associated with
others for example just because you work together, maybe you play badminton
together and never meet in other contexts. If most transactions in a community
are from this type of network, they will be marked as uniplex. Multiplexing on
the contrary, involves interactions with others along several dimensions. If
most of the transactions in that community, the network will be considered
multiplexed. Tom's network is multiplexed because the people who work with him
are also friends in pubs, relations and neighbors.
It is not surprising that people's speech must reflect the
type of network they have. People who interact with us are one of the important
influences on speech. When there are people who hang out with us regularly have
a homogeneous group, we will usually talk with the group. Who speaks with us
and who listens regularly is an important influence on the way we speak.
Conclusion
Ethnicity devering from or distinctive of the ways of
living built up by a group of people
Ex; African American Vernacular English, American Standar
English Social network is a social stucture made up of a set of
actors (such as individuals or organizations) and the dyadic ties between these
actors Linguist believe that no variety is superior to another
and that all varieties are capable of
developing their own grammars and vocabulary In reality, not all varieties anage to haver high status
in the community.The vernaculars, such as the Patois, AAVE, are considered
sub-standards. Someone’s speech is influenced by social factors,
including their social network
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